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1:52:17ENOld Theories Rarely Die of Contradiction. They Stop Making New Things.Guest Jed Buchwald · Host Lex FridmanCaltech historian Jed Buchwald talks with Lex Fridman about Kuhn, Newton, and why scientific change is a victory of productivity more than of proof.
2:13:21ENThe Fourth Deduction Often Turns Out to Be the First PrincipleGuest Cumrun Vafa · Host Lex FridmanHarvard string theorist Cumrun Vafa on why physicists distrust deduction, how a graviton fell out of a formula nobody wrote for gravity, and what extra dimensions are actually for.
2:39:53ENThere's Something at the Edge of the Solar SystemGuest Konstantin Batygin · Host Lex FridmanCaltech planetary astrophysicist Konstantin Batygin tells Lex Fridman how a hypothesized five-Earth-mass world shepherds the distant Kuiper Belt — and why a photograph would end the argument.
1:59:28ENSara Walker says “what is life?” is the wrong questionGuest Sara Walker · Host Lex FridmanThe astrobiologist and theoretical physicist tells Lex Fridman that origin-of-life science is stuck on molecules, and that causation, assembly, and planetary-scale information are closer to the real problem.
1:58:12ENThe Universe Doesn't Sacrifice. That's Why Phosphine Might Mean Life.Guest Clara Sousa-Silva · Host Lex FridmanQuantum astrochemist Clara Sousa-Silva on the contested Venus detection, a molecule nobody could spell, and why she treats cosmic meaninglessness as a relief.
3:17:09ENWhat Science Is Left When Institutions Decide What Cannot Be SaidGuest Bret Weinstein · Host Lex FridmanEvolutionary biologist Bret Weinstein talks with Lex Fridman about lab-leak evidence, ivermectin, captured public-health agencies, and why the 1% at the fringe is the key to progress.
2:41:47ENGeometry Is the Cilantro of MathGuest Jordan Ellenberg · Host Lex FridmanJordan Ellenberg tells Lex Fridman that the last 150 years of mathematics have been about one question: when two things count as the same.
2:22:20ENThe closer quarks get, the weaker they pullGuest Frank Wilczek · Host Lex FridmanNobel physicist Frank Wilczek talks with Lex Fridman about asymptotic freedom, beauty, dark matter, consciousness, and whether a theory of everything would even help.
1:56:54ENKatherine de Kleer still calls moons planetsGuest Katherine de Kleer · Host Lex FridmanThe Caltech planetary scientist talks with Lex Fridman about Pluto’s demotion, tidal heating on Io, hidden oceans, and the ice that may explain Oumuamua.
2:51:17ENOumuamua Wasn't Supposed to Exist. Avi Loeb Wants a Photograph Next Time.Guest Avi Loeb · Host Lex FridmanHarvard astrophysicist Avi Loeb tells Lex Fridman why the first interstellar visitor looks more like a lightsail than a rock — and why that question is still treated as unscientific.
4:23:39ENThe Universe's Rule Might Fit on a PostcardGuest Stephen Wolfram · Host Lex FridmanStephen Wolfram tells Lex Fridman how a short computational rule on a hypergraph could generate space, time, relativity, and quantum mechanics.
2:01:15ENNobody Died from the Fukushima ReactorsGuest Ian Hutchinson · Host Lex FridmanMIT plasma physicist Ian Hutchinson on fusion, a hundredfold carbon cut, scientism, and why faith is more than believing unproven claims.
1:38:20ENParticle physics is badly named: Harry Cliff on fields, the Higgs, and a collider with no bossGuest Harry Cliff · Host Lex FridmanA Cambridge physicist walks Lex Fridman through the Large Hadron Collider, the Standard Model, and why the vacuum is not empty.
3:11:09ENIn the computational universe, the animals are always smarter than youGuest Stephen Wolfram · Host Lex FridmanStephen Wolfram talks with Lex Fridman about Rule 30, computational irreducibility, a hypergraph model of physics, and why Wolfram Language is a notation for talking about the world.
2:46:36ENThe Great Nap Is OverGuest Eric Weinstein · Host Lex FridmanMathematician Eric Weinstein tells Lex Fridman that seventy-five quiet years selected the wrong leaders, then walks through Geometric Unity, the theory he kept in a drawer for decades.
11:26ENRichard Dawkins on Memes, the Internet and Why Wrong Ideas SpreadGuest Richard Dawkins · Host Lex FridmanThe man who coined the word explains to Lex Fridman what makes a meme more than a metaphor, why the internet is a step change for ideas, and why an idea, like a peacock's tail, doesn't need to be true or useful to spread.
1:09:52ENLee Smolin Does Not Believe in the Scientific MethodGuest Lee Smolin · Host Lex FridmanThe theoretical physicist talks with Lex Fridman about realism, the measurement problem, and why finishing Einstein’s revolution means treating time as fundamental and locality as optional.
1:09:12ENAnn Druyan on Voyager, Carl Sagan, and Love Without IllusionGuest Ann Druyan · Host Lex FridmanThe creative director of the Voyager Golden Record argues that science is an error-correcting way of seeing the universe — and of seeing another person.
1:02:45ENAliens Would Count. They Probably Wouldn't Write e^x.Guest Grant Sanderson · Host Lex FridmanGrant Sanderson of 3Blue1Brown talks with Lex Fridman about notation, infinity, and why a visualization has to pick a single arrow.
1:35:00ENNASA Once Spent 5 Percent of the Economy to Go 250,000 Miles. Mars Is a Hundred Times Farther.Guest Jim Gates · Host Lex FridmanTheorist S. James Gates Jr. talks with Lex Fridman about Mars budgets, supersymmetry, error-correcting codes hiding in equations, and why string theory is not yet a theory.
58:33ENScience cannot prove that the Earth is not flatGuest Michael Stevens · Host Lex FridmanVsauce creator Michael Stevens tells Lex Fridman why unfalsifiable ghosts, time-capsule states, and a YouTube recommendation mirror all belong in the same argument about curiosity.
1:23:01ENYou Cannot Ask a Question You Have No Words ForGuest Judea Pearl · Host Lex FridmanA teenager spent three days in bed with a fever after learning that geometry could be done in algebra — then spent a career giving cause and effect a mathematics.
1:29:58ENBelieve the Schrödinger Equation. The Cost Is Extra WorldsGuest Sean Carroll · Host Lex FridmanSean Carroll talks with Lex Fridman about why many-worlds is the barest form of quantum mechanics, why spacetime may only be an approximation, and why measurement should not be a primitive in the laws of physics.
57:30EN400 Spins in a Pocket, and a Universe Too Small to Store ThemGuest Leonard Susskind · Host Lex FridmanLeonard Susskind tells Lex Fridman why quantum computers are not faster laptops, why string theory is a tool rather than a citizenship, and why nobody should claim to have found the bottom of the well.